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4AD

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The influential 4AD label was started in 1980 by music enthusiasts Ivo Watts-Russell and Peter Kent with financial help from Beggars Banquet, whose record store chain the pair worked for. Originally calling their label Axis, they released an initial series of four 7" singles before finding out that the name Axis was already being used by another label. Having to quickly come up with a new name, the partners noticed the following bit of typography that their graphic designer had put on a flyer announcing the Axis releases: 1980 FORWARD 1980 FWD 1984 AD 4AD Kent left 4AD after a year and started another Beggars-affiliated label, Situation Two. Under Ivo Watts-Russell's guidance, drawing influence from other UK indie labels such as Beggars Banquet, Postcard Records and Factory, 4AD initially established a unique identity largely thanks to Ivo's choice of ethereal voices like ' and 's , the esthetic of graphic designer and the label's unique numbering system. In 1992, following the successful integration of US artists , , and into the label roaster, 4AD entered a highly publicized Stateside distribution deal with Warner Bros. Records and moved their US offices, headed up by Robin Hurley, from New York to Los Angeles. Watts-Russell also moved to Los Angeles in 1994, resulting in the label largely being run from California for the rest of that decade. managed the UK office, supported by as the label's first A&R manager from 1995. Ivo sold 4AD to Beggars Group's chairman Martin Mills in 1999, although Watts-Russell's influence remained apparent for years after. In November 1999, following the departure of Hurley, Wallace and Jamieson, Mills moved 4AD's HQ back to London and installed a new label head, former Beggars head of press Chris Sharp. Sharp was joined by former Mantra Recordings A&R man Ed Horrox. Sharp was ousted from his role as MD by the Beggars Group management in April 2008. Simon Halliday, ex-Warp Records US, took over as MD. His first move was to "retire" fellow Beggars Group labels Too Pure and Beggars Banquet - key artists on the defunct imprints were transferred onto the new expanded 4AD. Decoding the unique numbering system… The alphabetic part indicates the format: 4AD - Mail-order only releases AXIS - The Axis 7" singles AD - 7" single BAD - 12"/CD single and EP (generally up to four songs, although some have more) CAD - LP DAD - Double LP EAD - MP3 download FAD - Poster edition GAD - Originally used for a series of re-issues that came out in 1998 under the promotional title "The Perfect Antidote", it has since been used for subsequent reissues, mid-priced reissues & remastered editions HAD - Used only once, for the UK reissue of Matt Johnson/The The's "Burning Blue Soul" JAD - Used for three mini-album releases MAD - Mini-album (generally more than four songs) PAD - Postcard Set TAD - Temporary releases (i.e. those that have only one pressing) VAD - Video WAD - Postcard Set XAD - Poster Set or Calendar The letters CD appended indicate a compact disc, and the letter C appears in between the prefix and the catalog number on a cassette (ie: CAD C 809 for the cassette version of CAD 809). An appended D indicates a double or special limited release, and an R indicates a remix single/EP. For promo releases and a few other oddities, the alphabetic part is quite often an abbreviation of the band's name, and the numbers are sequential across promos by that band. As for the numeric portion: * In 1980, releases were simply numbered sequentially. The AXIS numbers took up 1 through 4 (with AXIS3 being reissued as AD3), and the 4AD numbering took over with 5. * From 1981 through 1989, the numbers became three digits, with the first digit representing the year and the other two being a sequential number for the year. For example, the first release in 1981 is numbered "101", the twelfth release in 1984 is "412", etc. * From 1990 to 1999, the numbers became four digits, with the first digit again representing the year. So the first release in 1990 was "0001", the sixth in 1997 was "7006", etc. * In 2000, the first two digits of the number became "2K", with the other two digits being the usual sequential number. * From 2001 on, the first digit has been "2", the second has represented the year, and the last two have been sequential. So the first release in 2002 was "2201", the 11th in 2003 was "2311", etc. * From 2010 on, the first digit has been "3", the second has represented the year, and the least two have been sequential. So it's "3101" for the first release of 2011, and so on. Labelcode: LC 5807 / LC 05807 Also referred to as: - 4•A•D - 4.A.D. See 4AD Ltd. for legal entity. Licensed, marketed and distributed by Rough Trade Records GmbH in Germany (1993).